Throughout the history of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians are considered the first civilization to occupy the territories between the Tigris and Euphrates. In the 4th millennium BC, the first Sumerian populations moved from the plateau of Iran until they lodge in the region of Chaldea, which includes the Middle and Lower Mesopotamia. Probably Quish was the first city founded and was soon followed by the development of cities such as Eridu, Nippur, Ur, Uruk and Lagash.
From the political point of view, the Sumerian cities were completely independent. In each, a priest had the help of a group of elders to make major policy decision were posted. However, at some point, we see that this configuration is being replaced by a more centralized model. The patesi assumes the condition of monarch of the city-state and transmits the powers of his office for an heir, forming a dynasty.
One of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians is linked to the development of so-called cuneiform. In this system, we observe the characters printed on a base of clay that was exposed to the sun, and soon after, hardened with its exposure to the fire. In fact, this Mesopotamian civilization produced an extensive literary activity which included the creation of poetry, law codes, fables, myths and other narratives.
The absence of political union between the Sumerians can be seen in the existence of various conflicts between the cities that occupied the territory. Taking advantage of the constant wars between the cities of Lagash and Ur, the Semites settled in Mesopotamia and organized a robust civilization around the city of Akkad. Around 2350 BC the Akkadian conquered the Sumerian regions, and thus constituted the Akkadian Empire, the first great Mesopotamian state.
From the political point of view, the Sumerian cities were completely independent. In each, a priest had the help of a group of elders to make major policy decision were posted. However, at some point, we see that this configuration is being replaced by a more centralized model. The patesi assumes the condition of monarch of the city-state and transmits the powers of his office for an heir, forming a dynasty.
One of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians is linked to the development of so-called cuneiform. In this system, we observe the characters printed on a base of clay that was exposed to the sun, and soon after, hardened with its exposure to the fire. In fact, this Mesopotamian civilization produced an extensive literary activity which included the creation of poetry, law codes, fables, myths and other narratives.
The absence of political union between the Sumerians can be seen in the existence of various conflicts between the cities that occupied the territory. Taking advantage of the constant wars between the cities of Lagash and Ur, the Semites settled in Mesopotamia and organized a robust civilization around the city of Akkad. Around 2350 BC the Akkadian conquered the Sumerian regions, and thus constituted the Akkadian Empire, the first great Mesopotamian state.
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